Table of Contents
Summary
An opening statement
Causative Agent
The problem’s magnitude
Predisposing Factors
People at higher risk for infection include
Moving information from one place to another
Patient’s symptoms
Prevention and Control
Vaccination
In conclusion
Citations
Summary
The H1N1 Swine influenza virus is a strain of influenza A that differs in two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (or neuraminidase) and hemagglutinin. It is thought that the novel virus spreads through respiratory particles. Coughing and sneezing are some of the ways it can be transmitted. After the infection, the symptoms can vary from mild upper airway illness to serious complications including pneumonia resulting into respiratory failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome. The novel H1N1 strain was first detected in Mexico in 2009. In June 2009, WHO declared that the 2009 pandemic had begun. This pandemic had a tremendous impact. The pandemic affected not only the health of the community but also other aspects such as economics and social. There are many measures to control the H1N1 virus, both non-pharmacologically and pharmacologically. The need for more extensive research on this novel viral strain has prompted this paper to highlight the scope of the issue, the transmission potential, and predisposing variables. It also discusses the many aspects of clinical presentations, prevention, as well as control. IntroductionH1N1 Swine Flu is an infection which is widespread in pigs all over the world. This is why it is called swine fever. H1N1 is a respiratory disease that can affect pigs. Swine flu can sometimes be transmitted to people by pigs. Swine influenza viruses can potentially cause human infections if the virus changes its antigenic characteristics by reassortment.Influenza A pandemics such as those which occurred in 1918 and 2009 can occur when transmission from person to person becomes successful. A devastating pandemic of influenza caused by H1N1 flu virus, or Spanish flu, occurred in 1918. It was the deadliest pandemic ever recorded. In 2009, a swine/human influenza outbreak (H1N1) which spreads from pigs into humans started in Mexico. It spread rapidly throughout the world. This new “pandemic”, though not clear when it occurred, was caused by a three-fold influenza A strain carrying the swine genome, Eurasian Avian, and Human strains. The causative agentThe H1N1 virus is an orthomyxovirus. It develops virions of 80-120 nm diameter.
* The envelope proteins hemagglutinin(HA) and neuraminidase(NA)
* Viral RNA polymerases, including PB2, PB1, PB1F2, PB1-F2, PB1-F2, and PB
* Matrix protein M1 andM2
* Nonstructural NS1-NS2 proteins (NEP), essential for efficient viral replication.
H1N1strain is different from other influenza A (H1N1, H1N2) strains because of the surface glycoproteins HA and NA. Hemagglutinin binds the virus and red blood cell together. Neuraminidase assists in the transfer of viral particles between infected cellular. The problemH1N1 first appeared in Mexico, on 18 March 2009. In just a few weeks, 30 countries were affected by the outbreak. By June 11, WHO had declared that the 2009 flu pandemic was underway by raising the alert level to phase 6, as 74 different countries reported nearly 30,000 H1N1 infections. By July, the virus had spread to more than 122 nations with 134,000 lab-confirmed infections and 800 fatalities. The global nature of travel and trade has allowed swine-flu to be spread in the same way as other pandemics took six months. By December of 2009, more 208 countries reported swine fever cases. By March 2010, more than 17700 deaths were reported in lab-confirmed cases. In the United States as of mid February 2010, 59 million illnesses were reported, 265 000 hospitalizations occurred, and there were 12 000 deaths. Importantly, the estimate of mortality was likely underestimated due to its reliance on statistics attributed to excess mortality for all causes and not laboratory-confirmed patients. According to Saudi Arabia’s Ministry of Health on 30 December 2009, there were 15.850 laboratory confirmed cases, and 124 deaths. The pandemic was not only a medical disaster, but also a social disruption. Airlines reported losses of tens or even hundreds of millions. Mexico’s international air traffic decreased by 40% after travel restrictions were implemented in some countries to try to slow or stop the spread of the disease. The closing of US schools for four weeks on average cost 47 billion dollars (0.3% GDP), and resulted in a 19% reduction in key healthcare staff. Predisposing variablesOverall, those who are more likely to be infected by this virus are:
Children under 5 years of age.
Children under the age of 19 and adults older than 65 years old who have been on long-term Aspirin therapy.
People who have a compromised immune system due to diseases like AIDS.
Females currently in gestation.
People who suffer from chronic diseases, including diabetes, heart diseases, neuromuscular disease and asthma.
TransmissionThe most common way to transmit the virus is by droplets from coughing, sneezing or direct or indirect contact of respiratory secretions. Handling surfaces contaminated with virus (fomites), inhaling aerosols of bacteria into the mouth or nose. Fomites (e.g. Toys for children can spread disease by contact with them. Infectious airborne aerosols contain large droplets as well as droplet nuclei. The diameter of large respiratory droplets is >5-10?m. They are responsible for short-range transmission. The droplet nuclei have a diameter 5 mm and are responsible for the long-distance (airborne) transmission. Rapid spread has been observed in the population and especially in places like schools where there are many people. Clinical PresentationThe symptoms are similar to seasonal influenza (H1N1): fever, sore throats, malaise, headaches, myalgias, arthralgias, fatigue, and cough. Many patients, particularly in the pediatric group, had diarrhea and vomiting. This is not something that happens with seasonal flu. The data suggests that the H1N1 infection has a broad clinical spectrum. It can range from mild upper-respiratory tract symptoms to serious complications including respiratory failure, acute respiration distress syndrome (ARDS), and multi-organ dysfunction. The symptoms of diarrhea, which are reported by 20%-50% percent of patients do not need to be hospitalized. In certain countries, viral pneumonia is the main cause of hospitalization. Microbiological evidence for secondary bacterial and fungal infections has been detected in fatal events…In the USA, more than 70% of hospitalized patients had conditions that put them at a high risk of complications. According to surveillance data, individuals with chronic diseases and pregnant women are more likely to have severe or complicated flu illness. With this pandemic virus, an additional factor of risk has emerged: obesity. Incubation periods for the pandemic influenza virus are also similar to seasonal influenza. They range between 1 and 7 days. Ill children may shed the virus up to 7 day after the illness began. However, some groups of children such as immunocompromised or young infants can have longer viral transmission. The infectious period of influenza for prophylaxis is 1 day prior to fever onset and 24 hours following fever end. In order to control and limit the spread of influenza, developing countries use a variety of non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. Non-pharmacological actions include: personal cleanliness, washing of hands with soap, covering of the mouth and nasal passages while coughing or wheezing. Close contact quarantine and mandatory isolation. The health worker should collect the samples using biosafety equipment. Pharmacological measures include antiviral (oseltamivir & zanamivir) drugs. It is recommended that these be administered within 48 hour of symptom onset. This drug should also be given as a priority to those patients at high risk of serious illness. Health workers should receive antiviral prophylaxis for up to six weeks with oseltamivir or four weeks with zanamivir. Close contacts and patients who do not receive prophylaxis are also advised to start treatment early with an antiviral medication. Few countries offer the vaccine. It is a very effective way to reduce influenza-related morbidity and death. The A/California/07/2009/H1N1 strain is the basis for this vaccine. It comes in both live attenuated and an inactivated version. Single doses are sufficient for children older than 9 and adults 18-64. Children under 10 will need two doses, separated by 21 days. Live attenuated vaccines are only available to persons between the ages of 2 and 49 who are not pregnant and immunocompetent and do not have chronic diseases. It is contraindicated for children under 5 years old with asthma, those taking long-term aspirin and anyone in close contact immunosuppressed individuals. Inactivated vaccination is not recommended for those with severe egg allergies or other vaccine components. The H1N1 subtype is an influenza virus that causes upper and lower respiratory infections. As of 30 December 2009, there were 15850 laboratories in Saudi Arabia, with 124 fatalities. It spreads through the droplets from coughing and sneezing. It can cause gastrointestinal inflammation, as well as a fever, sore throat and headache. In addition to antiviral treatment, prevention measures include mouth, nose and hand coverings when sneezing and coughing. Live attenuated or inactivated vaccinations come in two different types. Cites
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